Introduction
Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat a variety of knee joint issues. This procedure involves small incisions and the use of an arthroscope, allowing for a quicker recovery and less postoperative pain compared to traditional open surgery.
The Procedure
During knee arthroscopy, a surgeon inserts a small camera, known as an arthroscope, into the knee joint. The arthroscope projects images onto a video screen, which the surgeon uses to guide miniature surgical instruments. The small incisions used in this procedure lead to less tissue damage, reducing pain and shortening recovery time.
Knee Anatomy
The knee is the body’s largest joint, comprising:
- Femur (thighbone)
- Tibia (shinbone)
- Patella (kneecap)
Key components of the knee joint include:
- Articular Cartilage: A smooth tissue covering bone ends, facilitating smooth joint movements.
- Synovium: A lining that produces fluid to lubricate the joint.
- Meniscus: Two cartilaginous pieces acting as shock absorbers.
- Ligaments: Four main ligaments stabilizing the knee joint.
When is Knee Arthroscopy Necessary?
Knee arthroscopy is recommended for diagnosing and treating various knee conditions that do not respond to nonsurgical treatments like rest, physical therapy, or medication. It can address issues such as:
- Torn meniscus
- Ligament tears (e.g., ACL, PCL)
- Inflammation of the synovium
- Damaged articular cartilage
- Removal of loose bone or cartilage fragments
- Patella-related problems
- Knee infections
Preparing for the Procedure
Preparation involves:
- Comprehensive health evaluations
- Necessary preoperative tests (e.g., blood tests, EKG)
- Specific instructions from the hospital or surgery center regarding arrival time and dietary restrictions
- Discussion of anesthesia options (local, regional, or general)
The Surgical Process
Once anaesthesia is administered, the surgeon makes small incisions to insert the arthroscope and surgical instruments. A sterile solution is used to clear the joint for better visibility. The procedure generally takes less than an hour. Post-surgery, incisions are closed with stitches or adhesive strips, and the knee is bandaged.
Postoperative Care and Recovery
Recovery includes:
- Pain management with prescribed medications
- Elevating the leg and applying ice to reduce swelling
- Following specific dressing care instructions
- Gradual weight-bearing as per the surgeon’s advice
- Engaging in rehabilitation exercises to restore knee function
Potential Complications
Although rare, complications can include:
- Infection
- Blood clots
- Knee stiffness
- Accumulation of blood in the knee
- Bruising or swelling
Recovery and Outcome
The recovery period varies based on the extent of the knee damage treated. Most patients can resume normal activities within 6 to 8 weeks, although high-impact activities may require a longer recovery period. Some lifestyle adjustments might be necessary to protect the joint, such as switching from high-impact to low-impact exercises. Severe conditions might require additional surgical interventions in the future.
Knee arthroscopy offers a less invasive solution for knee joint issues, promoting faster recovery and reduced postoperative discomfort. For personalised advice and treatment plans, consult with a healthcare provider or orthopaedic specialist.
